Hydrogen "H"​
Atomic hydrogen (H) is unstable and short-lived. To be effectively utilized by the body, it must be converted into molecular hydrogen (H₂) — the stable form that delivers real antioxidant and anti-inflammatory benefits.
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Why Can’t We Use Single Hydrogen (H) Directly?
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​Hydrogen (H) is the lightest and smallest element in the universe, located in Group 1 of the periodic table.
As a single atom, hydrogen has only one electron in its outer shell, making it extremely reactive and chemically unstable.
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Because of this high reactivity, hydrogen atoms do not exist freely in nature. Instead, they almost instantly bond with other atoms or with another hydrogen atom to form a stable H₂ molecule. In the natural world, hydrogen is typically found in the form of hydrogen gas (H₂) or compounds like water (H₂O), methane (CH₄), and other organic molecules.
Hydrogen is the first element on the periodic table, with an atomic number of 1.
In its atomic form (atomic hydrogen, H), it consists of a single proton and one electron, making it the simplest element in existence—but also extremely reactive and chemically unstable.

Because of this high reactivity, atomic hydrogen does not exist freely in nature.
It quickly bonds with other atoms to form compounds such as water (H₂O) or various organic molecules.
When it does react, it releases a significant amount of energy, often causing highly exothermic reactions.
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As a result, atomic hydrogen is not suitable for direct use in biological systems, due to its instability and extreme reactivity.
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However, when two hydrogen atoms bond together, they form molecular hydrogen (H₂)—a stable, non-reactive gas that is safe and effective for biological use.

Molecular hydrogen (H₂) has a high level of bioavailability and safety, and is now being actively studied and applied in medical fields, antioxidant therapy, anti-inflammatory treatments, and more.
Hydrogen Conversion:
Pathway to H₂
An atomic hydrogen (H) atom has only one electron, making it extremely unstable.To stabilize itself, it tries to form a covalent bond with another hydrogen atom. 
This bond forms molecular hydrogen (H₂)—a simple, stable molecule made of two hydrogen atoms sharing electrons.
1. Electrolysis of Water
Principle:
By passing an electric current through water (H₂O), it splits into hydrogen (H₂) and oxygen (O₂).
  1. At the anode (+): oxygen gas forms
  2. At the cathode (−): hydrogen gas forms
Reaction:
2H₂O(l) → 2H₂(g) + O₂(g)

Advantages:
  1. Produces pure H₂
  2. Environmentally friendly (especially with renewable energy)
  3. Widely used in medical and food-grade hydrogen water systems
2. Acid-Metal Reaction
Principle:
Some metals (e.g., zinc, magnesium) react with acids to release hydrogen gas.

Example Reaction:
Zn + 2HCl → ZnCl₂ + H₂↑

Features:
  1. Commonly used in lab experiments
  2. Not suitable for biological use due to possible impurities
3. Thermochemical Splitting
Principle:
At extremely high temperatures, steam (H₂O) is split into H₂ and O₂.This method often involves redox reactions using metal oxides like ceria or perovskites.

Features:
  1. Requires high temperatures (above 1000°C)
  2. Used mainly for industrial hydrogen production
4. Catalytic Reforming
Principle:
Hydrocarbons like methane (CH₄) react with steam at high temperatures in the presence of a catalyst to produce hydrogen.

Example Reaction:
CH₄ + H₂O → CO + 3H₂
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Features:
  1. Currently accounts for over 90% of global hydrogen production
  2. However, CO₂ is also generated, making it less eco-friendly
Molecular Hydrogen (H₂)
Molecular hydrogen (H₂) boasts high bioavailability and safety, making it an ideal candidate for a wide range of applications. It is actively being researched and utilized in medical fields, antioxidant therapy, anti-inflammatory treatments, and more, due to its powerful health benefits.
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The molecular hydrogen in hydrogen water produced by the H2GO bottle is dissolved in water in its gaseous state. Its molecular weight is significantly smaller than that of vitamins, allowing it to easily spread throughout the body. Since hydrogen atoms are smaller than human cells, they can rapidly diffuse and deliver their antioxidant benefits efficiently.
Hydrogen vs. Other Antioxidant Size Comparison
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Antioxidant
FormularSizeRelative Size Notes
HydrogenH₂2Smallest; 
easily penetrates cells and tissues
Vitamin C (Ascorbic Acid)C₆H₈O₆176Medium size
Vitamin E (α-Tocopherol)C₂₉H₅₀O₂430Relatively large; fat-soluble
GlutathioneC₁₀H₁₇N₃O₆S307Endogenous antioxidant; moderate molecular size
Coenzyme Q10C₅₉H₉₀O₄863Very large; 
mainly acts in mitochondria

  1. Molecular hydrogen (H₂) is the smallest antioxidant, allowing it to quickly and efficiently diffuse throughout the body—even reaching the brain, cell nucleus, and mitochondria.
  2. Other antioxidants have larger molecular weights, which may limit their absorption, distribution, or site of action depending on their chemical properties.
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